Composting Basics

Introduction

Composting is a natural process that transforms organic waste into nutrient-rich soil amendment. This guide will help you understand the fundamentals of composting and how to start your own composting system, whether you’re composting at home or on a larger scale.

What is Composting?

Composting is the controlled decomposition of organic materials by microorganisms under aerobic conditions. The end product, compost, is a dark, crumbly, earthy-smelling material that improves soil structure and provides essential nutrients for plant growth.

Basic Requirements for Composting

1. Brown Materials (Carbon-rich)

   • Dry leaves
   • Straw
   • Wood chips
   • Paper and cardboard
   • Sawdust

2. Green Materials (Nitrogen-rich)

   • Food scraps
   • Grass clippings
   • Coffee grounds
   • Fresh plant trimmings
   • Manure

3. Water

   • Moisture content should be like a wrung-out sponge
   • Too dry: decomposition slows
   • Too wet: anaerobic conditions develop

4. Air

   • Regular turning/aeration
   • Proper pile structure
   • Adequate space between materials

Getting Started

1. Choose a Location

   • Well-drained area
   • Partial shade
   • Easy access for adding materials and turning
   • Away from direct sun and strong winds

2. Select a Composting Method

   • Open pile
   • Enclosed bin
   • Tumbler
   • Vermicomposting (worm composting)

3. Build Your Pile

   • Start with a layer of coarse materials
   • Alternate green and brown materials
   • Maintain proper moisture
   • Cover with a layer of brown materials

Maintenance

1. Turning

   • Turn pile every 1-2 weeks
   • More frequent turning = faster decomposition
   • Less frequent turning = slower but less work

2. Moisture Management

   • Check moisture regularly
   • Add water if too dry
   • Add brown materials if too wet

3. Temperature Monitoring

   • Ideal temperature: 130-160°F (54-71°C)
   • Use a compost thermometer
   • Temperature indicates microbial activity

Troubleshooting

1. Bad Odors

   • Too wet: Add brown materials
   • Not enough air: Turn pile
   • Wrong materials: Check what you’re adding

2. Slow Decomposition

   • Too dry: Add water
   • Too cold: Add green materials
   • Not enough air: Turn pile
   • Wrong C:N ratio: Adjust materials

3. Pests

   • Keep food scraps covered
   • Use enclosed bin
   • Avoid adding meat/dairy
   • Maintain proper moisture

When is Compost Ready?

• Dark brown color
• Earthy smell
• Crumbly texture
• Original materials not recognizable
• Temperature same as ambient
• Usually takes 2-6 months

Using Your Compost

1. Soil Amendment

   • Mix into garden soil
   • Top-dress lawns
   • Add to potting mixes

2. Mulch

   • Apply around plants
   • Helps retain moisture
   • Suppresses weeds

3. Compost Tea

   • Steep compost in water
   • Use as liquid fertilizer
   • Apply to leaves or soil

Benefits of Composting

1. Environmental

   • Reduces landfill waste
   • Lowers greenhouse gas emissions
   • Conserves water
   • Reduces need for chemical fertilizers

2. Soil Health

   • Improves soil structure
   • Increases water retention
   • Provides essential nutrients
   • Supports beneficial microorganisms

3. Plant Growth

   • Promotes healthy root development
   • Increases yield
   • Improves plant immunity
   • Enhances flavor and nutrition

Next Steps

Once you’ve mastered the basics, you can explore:

• Advanced composting techniques
• Vermicomposting
• Bokashi composting
• Compost tea brewing
• Large-scale composting systems